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    • 专利摘要:
    The subject of the invention is a culture system comprising: i) a culture cake based on a substrate mainly composed of coconut bark in the form of a compressed block, capable of receiving one or more plants to be cultivated and ii) a microorganism composition comprising a mycorrhizal fungus, selected for its ability to stimulate root network development throughout the mass of the substrate. The cultured bread is provided with at least one well capable of receiving the root portion of said plant, each of said wells containing a predetermined quantity Qp of said microorganism composition. The invention also relates to a method of culturing a plant on this substrate, with direct inoculation of such a composition, and a kit for implementing this method.
    公开号:FR3029737A1
    申请号:FR1462350
    申请日:2014-12-12
    公开日:2016-06-17
    发明作者:Jerome Besiers
    申请人:NUCEA SUBSTRATE；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention belongs to the field of hydroponic culture systems, and particularly to that of substrate cultures of useful plant varieties. It relates to a culture system on a substrate based on compressed coconut shell, adapted to receive one or more plants to be cultivated, in which is deposited a composition of microorganisms comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus selected for its ability to stimulate development. of the root network throughout the mass of the substrate. The invention also relates to a method of culturing a plant on this substrate, with direct inoculation of such a composition, and a kit for carrying out this method.
    [0002] In horticulture, the development of above-ground production has led to a massive use of substrates based on rockwool, peat, etc. However, the exploitation of peat, widely used as a raw material, is endangered because it causes the destruction of protected ecosystems by the very fact of its extraction. In several European countries, for example in Great Britain, the use of peat is already severely limited or even prohibited. It is therefore essential and urgent to find other resources. Coconut fiber substrates from the recovery of waste products from the coconut industry are an interesting alternative to other substrates. The resource is indeed almost inexhaustible and the coconut fiber is well suited to the development of eco-friendly horticultural practices. However, it is an inert substrate, that is to say, it does not degrade (or hardly any) and because of this, it does not provide the plant with the nutrients and minerals it needs to grow. develop. The supply of the minerals that the plant needs is done conventionally through a nutrient solution containing these minerals at the appropriate levels. Pesticides are also added by the same means. The use of these chemical, mineral or synthetic inputs is intended to improve yields and is a common practice in aboveground crop management. However, it is also desirable to reduce the use of chemical inputs. The horticultural substrate industry is turning more and more towards the use of biological fertilizers (also called biofertilizers) based on microorganisms. This new technology for agriculture represents a future alternative to the use of synthetic chemical inputs, while aiming at ensuring a necessary economic result. The use of mycorrhizal fungi in particular differs from the traditional approach because it relies on a known natural symbiosis between a plant and a fungus, which gives hope for a better use of the natural potentialities of plants in their feeding functions. hydromineral and their ability to resist the different biological aggressors.
    [0003] Unfortunately, although biofertilizers have long been proven in the laboratory, their practical implementation by professionals in operating conditions is much more difficult. Indeed, the microorganisms and in particular the mycorrhizal fungi are not always well adapted to the nature of the substrate and to the conditions of cultivation above ground, so that they colonize little substrate. Root growth is stimulated only in a reduced area without taking advantage of the mass of the substrate. Finally, mycorrhizal fungi regress and eventually disappear along with the beneficial effect that was expected before the plant could develop. The reactivation of the biological activity being illusory, the horticulturists must then resolve to add chemical fertilizers if they do not want to see their yields fall. This causes growth and maturation delays as well as additional production costs. There is therefore a need for horticulturists to have a new cultural system that contributes to the development of so-called "green" horticulture, and which makes it possible to cultivate useful plant varieties with attractive yields, from a substrate accessible and proven to be a medium of culture. To meet this need, an association has been sought between a substrate based on coconut fiber and microorganisms specially selected to develop maximum activity in off-soil culture on this substrate.
    [0004] An object of the invention is to propose to farmers an association between a culture substrate and microorganisms able to settle and develop optimally and sustainably in the substrate, in the presence of plants and in production conditions. Another object of the invention is to improve the coconut fiber substrate by providing a product which promotes the mobilization of minerals, and particularly phosphorus compounds, so as to reduce the exogenous supply of the fertilizers of phosphate. It is also desired to provide the plants with greater robustness with respect to abiotic (difficulty of access to nutrients and water) and biotic (attack by soil pathogens) stresses. Another object of the invention is to have microorganisms acting as biological fertilizer and crop protector (also called elicitor). Another object of the invention is to offer producers a cultural process that is convenient to use and cheap. In particular, it would be convenient to bring the microorganisms into the substrate at once, and not gradually suspended in the nutrient solution. The present invention aims to meet these needs by offering an association between a coconut fiber substrate and a consortium of specially selected microorganisms, which can be associated at the beginning of culture by depositing a formulation of said microorganisms in the vicinity of the roots, when planting seedlings on the substrate. More specifically, the invention firstly relates to a crop system comprising: i) a culture cake based on a substrate mainly composed of coconut bark in the form of a compressed block, able to receive one or several plants to be cultivated, and ii) a composition of microorganisms comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus, said cultivation system being characterized in that said cultured loaf is provided with at least one well capable of receiving the root part of said plant, each of said well containing a predetermined amount Qp of said microorganism composition. Coconut bark is commonly used in horticulture. What is called coco in horticulture is in fact the coir, which is the thick fibrous mesocarp surrounding the coconut, the coconut fruit. Substantially parallelepipedal blocks of coconut substrate are formed by compression. These blocks, called cultured breads, are generally marketed in a format suitable for receiving a given number of plants, typically one to three, in a plastic package, which can be removed during installation, or left in place. throughout the culture. These are "green" substrates par excellence, since they are 100% organic and 100% recyclable.
    [0005] According to the invention, the cultured loaves are provided with wells intended to receive the seedlings. The number of wells is of course defined according to the size of the crop bread concerned and the number of plants that one wishes to install there. The wells can be dug by the horticulturist just before planting, but advantageously, they are created during the compression of the substrate, or just after in the manufacturing process, so that they are ready to be used when the horticulturist receives the substrate loaves. They are of a size to introduce the root portion of the seedling, it being understood that the roots are surrounded by the loam of soil in which the plant has germinated and developed to the stage of its transplantation. Commonly, the wells can have a cylindrical shape of 5 cm to 10 cm in diameter, and a depth of 8 cm to 20 cm. When several wells are practiced in a culture loaf, they may be spaced from 20 cm to 50 cm, depending on the expected size of mature plants.
    [0006] Each of the wells contains a microorganism composition comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus, in a predetermined amount Q p. The quantity Qp is determined prior to seeding, so as to deposit in a well a number of cells (or spores) necessary for the development of the root system, depending on the plant species concerned, and as a function of the concentration of said microorganism composition. The enumeration of the microorganisms can be done by any technique known to those skilled in the art (for example by counting the colonies obtained after inoculation in or on a suitable culture medium). This determines the dose that must be deposited in each well to obtain the crop system according to the invention.
    [0007] It is emphasized here that the cropping system according to the invention is defined in the state in which it occurs at the moment of its implementation, that is to say shortly before the plants are placed on the breads of culture, usually at the horticulturist. It is described hereinafter in this state.
    [0008] According to a preferred characteristic of the cultural system which is the subject of the invention, the said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus belongs to the Glomus intraradices species. This fungus has been found to be particularly active and capable of causing mycorrhization and improving the growth of coconut grown aboveground crops. It has also been found that a good level of mycorrhization is achieved in the absence of phosphorus in the nutrient solution during the first two to three weeks of the culture.
    [0009] Advantageously, according to the invention, said composition further comprises at least one bacterium chosen from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum. Both of these microorganisms are of interest for plant growth and health because they enhance the beneficial role of mycorrhizae when associated with the mycorrhizal inoculum. The composition according to the invention results from a simple mechanical mixing of the dehydrated or suspended microorganisms, as described above. In this context, according to a preferred feature of the cultural system which is the subject of the present invention, it comprises a mycorrhizogenic fungus Glomus intraradices and a bacterium chosen from Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the crop system may comprise a microorganism composition formulated as a suspension in a liquid carrier selected from water or a mineral solution. In a particularly interesting way, the microorganism composition of the cropping system according to the invention can be formulated in dry form, for example in a support selected from peat, oyster shells, vermiculite, calcined clay, bentonite , or a mixture of these. In practice, this means that the composition is not or slightly impregnated with liquid and in particular water. It preferably has a water activity of less than 0.3 and, more preferably, a water activity of less than 0.2. It is thus easily manipulable and dosable. In addition, it can be stored for a relatively long period of time away from moisture and at room temperature. The microorganisms will recover their activity when the composition is rehydrated by contact with the water supplied to the plant (usually with the nutrient solution supplied to the plant by the dripper). It is considered that the amount of microorganisms that can be revived after 18 months in such a composition, if it is stored under the required conditions, protected from moisture and at room temperature, will have at least 20% micro-organisms. - revivable organisms. Those skilled in the art will consider these data when counting microorganisms. According to another characteristic of the cultural system which is the subject of the invention, the cultivation substrate comprises at least 50% of coconut bark (by weight relative to the total mass of the cultured bread) compacted in the form of fibers, powdery particles or chips.
    [0010] Preferably at least 70% of the substrate (by weight) is made from coconut bark. Substrates for coconut plants are well known. They consist of a coherent matrix of plant particles, which may be long fibers, or coarse particles such as chips, or finer in the form of powder. The substrates based on coconut fibers will be preferred. Indeed, a coconut fiber matrix has excellent water retention capabilities, predictable and controllable. Farmers using this type of substrate must nevertheless add nutrient solution to feed the plants in culture.
    [0011] Optionally, the culture substrate may comprise at most 50% of fibers of another plant (in mass relative to the total mass of the cultured bread), and preferably at most 30% (by mass). For example, bagasse can be added to the coconut fiber. Bagasse is the fibrous residue of the sugarcane from which the juice has been extracted. It is composed mainly by the cellulose of the plant.
    [0012] According to an advantageous characteristic of the present invention, the cultured loaf is wrapped in a polymer film bag pierced with an orifice at each of said wells. This orifice may be practiced at the time of installation of the culture loaves on the culture benches, by a simple blow of the blade made in the polymer film at the place where it feels to the touch a depression due to the presence of a well. It can also be pre-cut at the factory so as to remove a disc from the polymer film or at least partially separate it from the rest of the film. In this way, the horticulturist will only have to fold the disc to the side or tear it to completely free access to the well.
    [0013] The cropping system according to the invention is intended for the cultivation of plants, generally garden vegetables cultivated in a greenhouse according to the principle of above-ground cultivation, in which a substrate serves as a physical support for the root system of the plants. It must therefore be adapted for growth of the plant, in particular by promoting optimum development of the root system in the mass of the substrate. However, in the absence of seeding, it is common for the roots to grow only in a limited conical zone around the seedling's foot. On the contrary, in the presence of adequate seeding of a mycorrhizogenic composition according to the invention, the roots will colonize the entire volume of the substrate. Therefore, according to a preferred embodiment, each well contains a predetermined quantity Qp of microorganism composition, including a colony-forming unit number (CFU) effective to allow colonization of the substrate by the root system of the microorganisms. plants. Moreover, it is also sought that the nutrient intake is sufficient for the growth of the whole plant, and its fruiting. According to another preferred embodiment of the cropping system according to the invention, each well contains a predetermined quantity Qp of microorganism composition, comprising a number of colony forming units (CFU) effective to allow the development of the plants installed in the substrate. .
    [0014] These two embodiments can be combined for an even more efficient result. This determines the dose that must be deposited in each well to obtain the crop system according to the invention. The crop system just described can be implemented under large-scale culture conditions. It takes advantage of the faculties of the various elements that compose it to be kept and associated at the desired time, which represents a great advantage for both the manufacturer and the user. A method of manufacturing such a system is therefore also the subject of the present invention.
    [0015] This method of cultivating above ground a plant essentially comprises the steps consisting in: a) providing a culture cake based on a substrate mainly composed of coconut bark in the form of a compressed block, b) practicing one or more wells capable of receiving the root portion of said plant on one side of said cultured bread, c) pouring directly into each well a predetermined quantity Qp of a microorganism composition comprising a mushroom mycorhizogen, in dry form, d) install in each well the root part of a plant of said plant and cover with substrate particles, e) place drippers for irrigation of the culture bread near each well. Preferably, in the process according to the invention, said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus belongs to the species Glomus intraradices.
    [0016] According to an optional but recommended embodiment of the method which is the subject of the invention, said composition also comprises at least one bacterium chosen from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum.
    [0017] According to a preferred embodiment, said culture substrate comprises at least 50%, preferably at least 70% compacted coconut husk, in relation to the total mass of the cultured bread. According to a preferred feature of the invention, said composition is supplied in each well to a predetermined quantity Qp of microorganism composition, such that it provides a number of colony forming units effective to allow the development of the plants installed in the substrate. . Also preferably, said composition is provided in each well at a predetermined amount of Qp of microorganism composition, such that it provides a colony-forming unit effective to allow colonization of the substrate by the root system of the plants. The microorganism composition, when it comprises both a mycorrhizogenic fungus and at least one bacterium, may be premixed in the required proportions, and deposited in the wells. In the case of a dry formulation, this mixture can be done in the factory with the chosen support and be kept for several weeks or months, or be assembled only at the time of use. Alternatively, the composition may be in two distinct fractions, one comprising said at least one mycorrhizal fungus, and the other comprising said at least one bacterium, which will be poured into each well in two operations. These two operations can be concomitant or successive, but they are always carried out in the lapse of time just before the installation of the plants in the wells according to step d) of the inventive method.
    [0018] It will be convenient for users to have a device comprising all the elements to be associated with the recommended dosages. This possibility is offered by the present invention, which makes it possible to provide the users with all the necessary elements in a packaging that is not very demanding with regard to the methods of preservation and storage on the one hand, and modes of implementation on the other hand. .
    [0019] Therefore, another object of the present invention relates to a kit for preparing a crop system specially designed for the implementation of the method as described above, said kit comprising: i) a cultured bread consisting of: substrate consisting essentially of coconut bark 5 in the form of a compressed block, in which are provided N wells adapted to receive the root portion of the plants to be cultivated, ii) a packaged dose of a total amount of Qt of a microorganism composition comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus sufficient to seed each of said N wells with the predetermined amount Qp of said composition.
    [0020] The number N of wells is such that 5kNk 1, with Qt N x Qp. In other words, the packaged dose Qt of the microorganism composition is at least sufficient to seed the N wells of the substrate bread with the recommended amount Qp. Conveniently, a measuring tool, for example a measuring cup, is provided with the preparation kit, so that the user does not have to obtain containers or calibrate them to proceed with the installation of the system. of culture. The dose of the composition of microorganisms advantageously comprises a mycorrhizogenic fungus belonging to the species Glomus intraradices and at least one bacterium chosen from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum. In the kit according to the invention, said composition may be formulated as a suspension in a liquid carrier, which may be water or a mineral composition.
    [0021] Advantageously, it may also be formulated in a dry form in a peat, oyster shell, vermiculite and calcined clay carrier, in a bentonite powder, or in a mixture thereof.
    [0022] In the kit according to the invention, said dose preferably comprises two separate parts packaged separately, one comprising said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus, and the other said at least one bacterium. In this case, said mycorrhizogenic fungus may for example be formulated in a mixture of peat, oyster shells, vermiculite and calcined clay. The selected bacterium (s) may be formulated in a bentonite powder.
    [0023] The cultural system described above thus has an innovative character that lies in the integration in a coconut-based substrate, of a consortium of fungi forming mycorrhizae, beneficial to growth (vegetative development and hydromineral feeding) and plant health (hardiness, less sensitivity to biological aggressors). The presence of these fungi will (i) promote a more rational use by the plant of the natural resources contained in the substrate or made in the form of nutrient amendments or solutions, (ii) give it a greater robustness which will allow by adapting driving patterns, reducing the hydromineral feeding (by volume), and (iii) stimulating its resistance against telluric pathogens. This is the case for example tomato vis-à-vis Phytophthora sp., For which the current control means are not very effective or difficult to implement. The results obtained from the experimental tests have made it possible to conclude the technical feasibility of an intelligent substrate based on coconut fiber and mycorrhizal fungi favorable to the development and health of the plants, in particular tomatoes or strawberries. . The present invention will be better understood, and details will arise, thanks to the description which will be made of one of its variants, in relation to the appended figures, in which: The fig.1 is a representation schematic of a culture system according to the invention. Fig. 2 is a representation of the experimental scheme used to test the culture system according to the invention.
    [0024] EXAMPLE 1 100% coconut fiber cultural system In FIG. 1, there is shown a crop system 1 comprising the cultured bread 2 in the form of a substantially parallelepipedal block. The cultured bread 2, 30 is provided with four wells 3 each adapted to receive the root part of a plant 4, which adopt a cylindrical shape. On the right are shown two wells as they appear in the cropping system, that is to say containing a predetermined quantity Qp of a composition of microorganisms. On the left are represented two wells having already received a seedling, covered with substrate and equipped with a dripper 6. Their spacing 35 is intended to suit the chosen culture. The substrate is composed of coconut bark.
    [0025] The microorganism composition comprises a mycorrhizogenic fungus strain Glomus intraradices and a bacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens. The mycorrhizogenic fungus is formulated in a ground support consisting of a mixture of peat, oyster shells, vermiculite and calcined clay (for example the clay distributed under the Terragreen brand). The bacteria are suspended in LB liquid medium. The implementation of the cultural system was carried out as described below. A quantity of a few grams of dry formulation of mycorrhizogenic fungus is introduced directly into the well. 25 ml of bacterial inoculum is added. This operation is carried out just before planting. Alternatively, the bacteria are in dehydrated form in a bentonite powder, which is mixed with the mycorrhizogenic fungus formulation. EXAMPLE 2: Experimentation on Aboveground Tomato Culture This experiment was conducted with the aim of comparing the impact of 6 types of inocula on tomatoes growing in different substrates. 1 - Placement Four substrates containing different proportions of coconut fiber and bagasse were tested. - S1: 100 `) / 0 coco - S2: 2/3 coco and 1/3 bagasse - S3: 1/2 coco and 1/2 bagasse - S4: 1/3 coco and 2/3 bagasse The substrates received seven different treatments (6 inocula and 1 control). 25 - Treatment 1: 3 Mycorrhizal fungi - Treatment 2: 3 Mycorrhizal fungi + Trichoderma - Treatment 3: 3 Mycorrhizogenic fungus + bacteria - Treatment 4: 3 Mycorrhizal fungi + Trichoderma + bacteria - Treatment 5: Commercial product Symbivit® 30 - Treatment 6 : commercial product Symbivit® + Trichoderma - Treatment 7: Control (no microorganism) The experimental scheme is described in Figure 2. Seven groups of tomato plants, variety "Plaisance", corresponding to 6 treatments 35 + 1 control, were placed in the 4 substrates. For each group, 6 plants were placed in each substrate, for a total of 24 plants per group, which was ultimately 168 plants. The different inocula were taken at the foot of each tomato seedling at the time of planting. The greenhouse conditions were set as follows: temperature 21 ° C during the day, 17 ° C at night and minimum illumination of 5,100 watt / m2 for 16 hours per day. 2 - Nutritional Regime In order to allow the microorganisms to be better implanted in the roots of the 10 plants, they were watered with osmosis water during the first 9 days. From the 1st day, the plants were watered 5 days out of 7 with the nutrient solution SN1, without phosphorus, and the two remaining days of each week with osmosis water.
    [0026] SN1 Nutrient Solution: Solution A: 225 g SCN My (1.5% N, 37% K2O, 5.5% MgO, 0.03% B, 0.006% Cu, 0.15% Fe, 0.074% Mn) 0.005% Mo, 0.03% Zn) were diluted in 1.5 liters of osmosis water; solution B: 262 g of calcium nitrate was diluted in 1.5 liters of osmosis water by adding 3 ml of the iron-rich solution such as the product marketed under the name "Fertiligen". Solutions A and B were mixed in the drip tray by adding osmosis water to achieve a conductivity of 2.9. The pH is 5.5.
    [0027] From week h after planting, phosphorus was added to the SN1 nutrient solution as monopotassium phosphate because the plants had shown some symptoms of phosphorus deficiency. The monopotassium phosphate (52% P2O5, 34% K20, 45 g) was dissolved in 1 liter of osmosis water and mixed with solutions A and B in the drip tray by adding osmosis water to arrive at a conductivity of 3.1. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYZES The pH and conductivity measurements were taken periodically in the tank and in the drainage water.
    [0028] PH measurement The pH was measured in the tank and in the drainage water before planting and up to 8 weeks after planting. The values reached a minimum of 5.3 and a maximum of 7.6. After a slight decrease at week 5, the pH continued to maintain stable values around 6.5-7.0 for all substrates. Conductivity Assessment Conductivity values were high before planting. After regular waterings (2 days / week) with osmosis water, they stabilized between 0.8 and 2.8 for all substrates. Phosphorus concentration Coconut fiber has been analyzed for its phosphorus content, which plays a key role in mycorrhizal development. The results showed that the concentration of phosphorus available to the plant in coconut fiber is 355 ppm. PLANT GROWTH In order to better evaluate the impact of the various treatments on the development of the plant, an analysis of the evolution over time of certain growth parameters has been carried out. Plant development was assessed at (a) the aerial part and at (b) the root part at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting. a) - Development of the aerial part Eight weeks after planting, the plants are well developed: they have very green leaves and sturdy stems. Their average height is 111 cm. The different inocula allowed the plants to grow better compared to the controls from the 4th week after planting up to 8 weeks. The inoculated plants also had more advanced floral development at 6 weeks than the controls and at 8 weeks they had a higher fruit count. Among the treatments, inocula 1, 2 and 3 gave the best results in terms of plant growth as well as floral development and number of fruits.
    [0029] Due to the initial intake of a phosphorus-free nutrient solution, the plants showed symptoms of phosphorus deficiency (purple leaves) at 4 and 6 weeks of age. The rate of onset of symptoms was higher in the control plants than in the inoculated plants. After the application of a nutrient solution with phosphorus (6 weeks after planting), deficiency symptoms decreased in all plants: the inoculated plants have better exploited the source of phosphorus, the deficiency symptoms in these plants having decreased within 3-4 days after the first intake of phosphorus. At 8 weeks, plants treated with inoculum 1 and growing in substrates S1 and S2 no longer showed any symptoms of deficiency. Similarly for plants treated with inoculum 3 and 5 and growing in substrate S1 and plants treated with inoculum 4 and 6 and growing in substrates S1 and S2. With regard to the number of branches, the inoculated plants showed higher values than those obtained in the controls. Height of the stem In all the substrates and treatments, the development of the plants was greater between the 6th and the 8th week. (development> 100%) only between the 4th and 6th week (development <20%). This difference can be explained by the addition of phosphorus in the nutrient solution as early as the 6th week after planting, but also by a better implantation of the mycorrhizogenic fungi in the roots of the plants. If we consider the treatments, without taking into account the effect of the substrates, the inoculated plants all showed better growth than the controls: with the inoculum 1 a better growth was observed as well at 6 weeks (height stems of 72 cm against 51 cm for the control), that at 8 weeks (height of stem of 126 cm against 99 cm for the witness). The growth of the control plants was always the lowest, at 4 weeks (stem height 39 cm), at 6 weeks (stem height 51 cm) and at 8 weeks (stem height 99 cm) after 30 weeks. planting. If we consider only the substrates, the difference in growth between the different plants remains minimal each week: between 47 cm and 50 cm at 4 weeks after planting (without significant difference); between 53 cm and 64 cm at 15 weeks after planting (where S2 substrate appears to further limit growth); between 107 cm and 113 cm at 8 weeks after planting without significant difference Number of branches 5 Whether substrates, or treatments, the development of the ramifications of the plant was greater between the 6th and the 2nd week (development between 80% and <100%), between the 4th and 6th week (development <5%). This difference in speed of development can be explained by the addition of phosphorus in the nutrient solution at 6 weeks after planting, but also by a better implantation of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of plants. When considering only the treatments, without taking into account the effect of the substrates, the inoculated plants with the different inoculae all have a higher number of branches at 8 weeks compared to the control. Considering only the substrates, the difference remains minimal at 4 weeks, but substrate 51 at 6 weeks and substrate S4 at 8 weeks allow the plants to have a higher number of branches.
    [0030] It should be noted that in the context of the study, the number of branches has proved to be an interesting criterion for assessing the development and vegetative vigor of tomatoes, while at the production level, it is controlled manually. (3 ramifications / bouquet).
    [0031] 25 Number of flowers, knotted fruits and green fruits. On the plants that were sampled, the presence of flowers, knotted fruits and green fruits was listed. These data were related to the number of total buds present in the bouquet. For example, if we observe 1 flower, 2 knotted fruits, 3 30 green fruits and 4 buds in a bouquet, there is 10% of flowers (ie [1 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)] * 100), 20% knotted fruit, 30% green fruit. The development of flowers is more advanced in plants inoculated with inocula 1, 2, 3 (5-10% green fruit in the 1st bouquet, 40% -60% fruit tied in the 1st bouquet and 15% - 20% in the 2nd bouquet), followed by the inoculated plants with the inocula 4, 5 and 6 (50% -80% of the fruits 3029737 16 knotted in the 1st bouquet and 10% in the 2nd bouquet), and then the control ( 40% of fruit tied in the 1st bouquet and 5% in the 2nd bouquet). If we compare the height of the plants and the fruiting potential (c) / 0 of flowers, knotted fruits and fruits on the total of buds), we see that the evolution of the inoculated plants is different from that of the control plants. The analysis reveals that the stage of development of the plants inoculated at 8 weeks is more advanced than that of the controls. Indeed, at 8 weeks, the development of the control plants is in a development stage identical to that of the inoculated plants observed at 6 weeks. b) - Development of the root system The development of the root system of each plant was observed and estimated visually, using a scale defined as follows: 15 +: weak development (sporadic development on the whole of the rootstock) ++: medium development (significant development on the lateral surfaces of the root ball, but less on the upper surface) +++: significant development (homogeneous development on the upper surface of the root ball and also on the lateral surfaces).
    [0032] The root system of plants treated with inocula is more developed than that of the control: medium development with inocula 2, 3, 4; significant development with inocula 5 and 6 against low development with inoculum 1 (root development comparable to that observed in week 6 without additional densification observed, compared to other substrates) and in the control. Inocula 2, 3 and 4 allow the roots to grow well on the outside and on the surface evenly. The inocula 5 and 6 allow the roots to grow well outside and especially on the upper surface. In general, root development is denser, compared to the situation at 6 weeks in all treatments. MYCORHIZATION RATE On the other hand, mycorrhizal colonization was evaluated. Sampling at 8 weeks post-planting showed that mycorhization developed in plant roots, irrespective of the treatment (and especially in treatments 1, 2 and 3) and in all substrates, except the witness. Phosphorus intake at 6 weeks had no negative effect on mycorrhizal fungi which, on the contrary, continued to develop. Conclusions The results obtained after 8 weeks of substrate development confirmed the beneficial effects of different inocula on plants compared to control plants.
    [0033] Indeed, the measurements carried out have shown that the different inocula based on mycorrhizal fungi allow the plants to develop better compared to the control plants, in the aerial part (growth, number of flowers, number of fruits) and the root part. It should be noted that inocula 1, 2 and 3 have made it possible to obtain the best developments, both in terms of growth and production of the first fruits, whereas inocula 5 and 6 allow better root development. Mycorrhizal fungi are well established in all treatments.
    [0034] Phosphorus intake, 6 weeks after planting, allowed the plants to increase their growth and decrease or eliminate the violet coloring of the leaves. The amount of phosphorus added did not have a negative effect on mycorrhizal implantation, which, on the contrary, continued to develop. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi have allowed inoculated plants to lose deficiency symptoms more rapidly. EXAMPLE 5: Phosphorus assimilation Phosphorus deficiency symptoms One of the objectives of the invention is to improve the coconut fiber substrate in order to reduce the phosphate fertilizer input. An experiment on tomato plants, with reduced P input, was carried out on clumps of coconut fibers in a greenhouse. Coconut fiber has been analyzed for its phosphorus content, which plays a key role in mycorrhizal development. The results of the analysis showed that the average concentration of phosphorus available to the plant in coconut fiber is 355 ppm. Plant deficiency in phosphorus was assessed by looking at the color of the underside of the leaves. After increasing between 4 and 6 weeks (between 5% and <40%), 5 it decreased significantly between 6 and 8 weeks after planting (between 60% and <40%) thanks to the addition of phosphorus in the nutrient solution. . On average, the percentage of purple leaves (indicative of phosphorus deficiency) is higher in control plants (> 75%) than in inoculated plants (between 0% and <50%).
    [0035] When considering only the treatments, the inoculated plants with inoculum 1, 4 and 6 showed symptoms of least developed deficiencies at 4, 6 and 8 weeks; while control plants showed the most developed deficiency symptoms The other inocula gave intermediate values.
    [0036] When considering only culture substrates, deficiency symptoms were lowest with substrate S3 at 4 weeks and at 51 to 8 weeks: substrate 51 (100% coconut fiber) allowed the plants to be better. Resolve phosphorus deficiency symptoms as other substrates, probably due to more appropriate development of mycorrhizal fungi.
    [0037] Thus, the results show that plants which have been inoculated have better assimilated phosphorus naturally present in the coconut fiber, but also have shown better growth and better root development. Relationship between plant height and phosphorus deficiency If we compare the height and percentage of phosphorus deficiency, we find the same trend as before. Indeed, the inoculated plants developed at 4 and 6 weeks, a deficiency lower than that of the control plants. After the addition of phosphorus (6 weeks), the inoculated plants recovered more quickly by making better use of the source of phosphorus added than those of the control. At 8 weeks after planting, the inoculated plants are in a more advanced stage of development than the controls: higher height with less or no (Inocula 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6) deficiency symptoms.
    [0038] The percentage of phosphorus deficiency symptoms is an indicator of the beneficial effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the development of the plant. Since the coconut fiber already contains a high concentration of phosphorus (355 ppm), it can be exploited by the plant through mycorrhizal fungi without any further input. For this reason, the inoculated plants grew better during the first 6 weeks and showed weaker deficiency symptoms. Then, from 6 weeks, the presence of mycorrhizal fungi allowed the plants to better use the phosphorus added later compared to the controls. EXAMPLE 5 Kit for the Cultivation of Strawberries The 100% or mixed coconut breads, wrapped in a polyethylene film, having pre-cut lids at each well, were used. Inoculation of the strawberry plants was done as follows: The breads are arranged side by side on a culture table. The covers are removed to free access to the wells. (1) Depositing a quantity Qp of the inoculum in each well (preformed); (2) Spreading the inoculum; (3) Placing a strawberry plant in each well, being careful not to crush it too much in order to avoid further damage (eg Botrytis cinerea contamination) due to too much moisture in the snout neck. the plant. (4) installation of a dripper and start of irrigation. 5 10
    权利要求:
    Claims (23)
    [0001]
    CLAIMS1.- A cultural system comprising i) a culture cake based on a substrate mainly composed of coconut bark in the form of a compressed block, able to receive one or more plants to be cultivated, and ii) a microorganism composition comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus, characterized in that said cultured loaf is provided with at least one well adapted to receive the root portion of said plant, each of said wells containing a predetermined quantity Qp of said microorganism composition.
    [0002]
    2.- Cultural system according to claim 1, characterized in that said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus belongs to the species Glomus intraradices.
    [0003]
    3.- cultural system according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said composition further comprises at least one bacterium selected from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum.
    [0004]
    4. The cultural system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said composition comprises a mycorrhizogenic fungus belonging to the species Glomus intraradices and a bacterium selected from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum.
    [0005]
    5.- cultural system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said composition is formulated as a suspension in a liquid carrier, selected from water, mineral solution.
    [0006]
    6.- cultural system according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said composition is formulated in a dry form in a support selected from peat, oyster shells, vermiculite, calcined clay, bentonite , or a mixture of these.
    [0007]
    7. The cropping system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the culture substrate comprises at least 50%, preferably at least 70% compacted coconut husk in the form of fibers, powdery particles or of chips, in mass relative to the total mass of the cultured bread. 3029737 21
    [0008]
    8.- Cultural system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cultivation substrate comprises at most 50%, preferably at most 30% of other plant fibers, by mass relative to the total mass of the bread of culture. 5
    [0009]
    9. A crop system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the culture cake is wrapped in a polymer film bag pierced with an orifice at each of said wells.
    [0010]
    10. A cropping system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each well contains a predetermined quantity Qp of microorganism composition, comprising a number of colony-forming units (CFU), effective to allow the colonization of the substrate. by the root system of plants.
    [0011]
    11. The cropping system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each well contains a predetermined quantity Qp of microorganism composition, comprising a number of colony-forming units (CFU), which is effective for the development of the plants. installed in the substrate.
    [0012]
    12. A method of cultivating above ground a plant, characterized in that it essentially comprises the steps of: a) providing a culture cake based on a substrate mainly composed of coconut bark in the form of a compressed block, b) practicing one or more wells capable of receiving the root portion of said plant on one side of said cultured loam, c) pouring directly into each well a predetermined quantity Qp of a microorganism composition comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus, d) to install in each well the root part of a plant of said plant and to cover with particles of substrate, e) to place drippers for the irrigation of the culture bread in the vicinity of each well. 30
    [0013]
    13.- Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus belongs to the species Glomus intraradices.
    [0014]
    14. A process according to one of claims 12 or 13, characterized in that said composition further comprises at least one bacterium selected from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum.
    [0015]
    15. A process according to one of claims 12 to 14, characterized in that said culture substrate comprises at least 50%, preferably at least 70% compacted coconut husk, in relation to the total mass of the culture bread.
    [0016]
    16.- Method according to one of claims 12 to 15, characterized in that said composition is brought into each well at a predetermined amount Qp of microorganism composition, such that it provides an effective number of colony forming units to allow the development of the plants installed in the substrate.
    [0017]
    17.- Method according to one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that said composition is brought into each well at a predetermined amount Qp of microorganism composition, such that it provides a number of effective colony forming units. to allow colonization of the substrate by the root system of the plants.
    [0018]
    18. A method according to one of claims 14 to 17, characterized in that said composition is poured into each well in two distinct fractions, one comprising said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus, and the other comprising said at least one 20 bacteria.
    [0019]
    19. Kit for preparing a cultural system specially designed for carrying out the method according to any one of claims 12 to 18, characterized in that it comprises: i) a culture cake consisting of a substrate essentially composed of coconut shell in the form of a compressed block, in which are provided N wells adapted to receive the root portion of plants to be cultivated, ii) a packaged dose of a total amount of Qt of a composition microorganism comprising a mycorrhizogenic fungus sufficient to seed each of said N wells with a predetermined amount Qp of said composition.
    [0020]
    20. Kit according to the preceding claim, characterized in that said dose comprises a mycorrhizogenic fungus belonging to the species Glomus intraradices and at least one bacterium selected from those belonging to the species Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum. 3029737 23
    [0021]
    21. Kit according to one of claims 19 or 20, characterized in that said composition is formulated as a suspension in a liquid carrier. 5
    [0022]
    22.- Kit according to one of claims 19 or 20, characterized in that said composition is formulated in a dry form in a support based on peat, oyster shells, vermiculite, calcined clay, bentonite, or in a mixture of these. 10
    [0023]
    23.- Kit according to one of claims 20 to 22, characterized in that said dose comprises two separate parts packaged separately, one comprising said at least one mycorrhizogenic fungus, and the other said at least one bacterium.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    FR3029737B1|2016-12-30|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    EP1082894A1|1999-09-02|2001-03-14|Le Comptoir Roussillonnais Sarl|Horticultural slab arrangement for use in soil-less cultivation systems|
    US20080046277A1|2001-02-20|2008-02-21|Stamets Paul E|Living systems from cardboard packaging materials|
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    US20130145805A1|2011-09-14|2013-06-13|Wisearth Ip, Inc.|Soil improver|EP3289878A1|2016-08-31|2018-03-07|Microgaia Biotech, S.L.|Method for producing an organic substrate for promoting growth during plant germination and development, and organic substrate|
    EP3289877A1|2016-08-31|2018-03-07|Microgaia Biotech, S.L.|Composition comprising species from the genus glomus and trichoderma harzianum t78 and use thereof as a plant growth promoter|
    FR3064446A1|2017-03-28|2018-10-05|Nucea Substrate|VEGETABLE CULTURE SYSTEM ON SUBSTRATE BASED ON PARTICULAR COCONUT BROYA BROTH|
    FR3088518A1|2018-11-20|2020-05-22|Mycophyto|Method for manufacturing a mycorrhizal inoculum and inoculum obtained|
    法律状态:
    2015-12-23| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2016-06-17| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20160617 |
    2016-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2017-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2019-12-27| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 6 |
    2020-12-31| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 7 |
    2021-12-23| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 8 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1462350A|FR3029737B1|2014-12-12|2014-12-12|PLANT CULTURE SYSTEM ON SUBSTRATE INOCULATED WITH A MICROORGANISM COMPOSITION|FR1462350A| FR3029737B1|2014-12-12|2014-12-12|PLANT CULTURE SYSTEM ON SUBSTRATE INOCULATED WITH A MICROORGANISM COMPOSITION|
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